Long COVID and Associated Factors Among Chinese Residents Aged 16 Years and Older in Canada: A Cross-Sectional Online Study, 2025, Shariati et al

Long COVID and Associated Factors Among Chinese Residents Aged 16 Years and Older in Canada: A Cross-Sectional Online Study

Matin Shariati, Kieran Gill, Mark Peddle, Ying Cao, Fangli Xie, Xiao Han, Nan Lei, Rachel Prowse, Desai Shan, Lisa Fang, Vita Huang, Arianna Ding, Peizhong Peter Wang

[Preprint]

Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic evolved, long COVID emerged as a significant threat to public health, characterized by one or more persistent symptoms impacting organ systems beyond 12 weeks of infection [9–12]. Informative research has been derived from assessments of long COVID among the Chinese populace. However, none of these studies considered the COVID-19 experience of Chinese residents in Canada.

Objectives
We aimed to fill this literature gap by delineating the long COVID experience, prevalence, and associated factors among a sample of Chinese residing in Canada during the pandemic.

Methods
The present study employed a cross-sectional online survey questionnaire distributed to a sample of Canadian Chinese using a convenience sampling procedure from December 22, 2022, to February 15, 2023. Respondents were probed for sociodemographic background, health-, COVID-, and vaccine-related characteristics. Logistic LASSO regression was used for model building and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with developing long COVID.

Results
Among 491 eligible participants, 63 (12.83%) reported experiencing long COVID with a mean duration of 5.31 (95% CI: 4.06–6.57) months, and major symptoms including difficulty concentrating (21.67%), pain/discomfort (15.00%), as well as anxiety/depression (8.33%). Our final model identified significant associations between long COVID and two or more COVID-19 infections (OR = 23.725, 95% CI: 5.098–110.398, p < 0.0001), very severe/severe symptoms (OR = 3.177, 95% CI: 1.160–8.702, p = 0.0246), over-the-counter medicine (OR
= 2.473, 95% CI: 1.035–5.909, p = 0.0416), and traditional Chinese medicine (OR = 8.259, 95% CI: 3.016–22.620, p < 0.0001). Further, we identified a significant protective effect of very good/good health status (OR = 0.247, 95% CI: 0.112–0.544, p = 0.0005).

Conclusions
Long COVID adversely effected a notable proportion of Canadian Chinese for a prolonged period during the pandemic. Our findings underscore the importance of preexisting health status and reinfection prevention when managing long COVID. Moreover, our work indicates the need for culturally accessible guidance and services pertaining to effective COVID-19 treatment modalities through infection, recovery, and beyond.

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