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I don't understand this part. The risk is that a drug doesn't work and makes no money. They can't choose to not bear the cost of making no profit.

I think the main question is if the really expensive drugs will still get made. Pharma companies have to spend billions, not only on the drugs that eventually make a profit, but on plenty that never make a dime. If they have to sell these billion dollar drugs at market prices that might not...

I'm working with a beginner's understanding, but I thought we've got memory B cells and long-lived plasma B cells for any particular antigen, and the memory B cells continually create new long-lived cells to replace those that die. So if Dara wiped out the long-lived cells, after some time, the...

FYI, in case anyone didn't notice at first (like me), the paper is from 2014.

PEM definitely affects my diet. I eat more total calories, and eat less variety because I have less energy to prepare foods. Hopefully, my basic understanding of granger causality is correct, where it would essentially "control" for previous upright time, so it should mitigate confounding from...

I'm still working on my nutrient tracking experiment. Just wanted to outline the direction I'm hoping for it to go. Data collection consists of two parts: Nutrients Using the app Cronometer, I am tracking the weight of every food I eat. Except for very rare exceptions, I only eat foods that...

I guess because the final equation is based on positive differences minus negative differences, so zero differences wouldn't have a place. But in terms of the theory, my brain is too foggy to follow this right now, but these two webpages give some context...

They used this method described in the paper: I didn't know what it meant, so I asked ChatGPT to write the Python to calculate this effect size, and using the provided code below I get 0.742. import pandas as pd import numpy as np from scipy.stats import rankdata # Sample DataFrame with paired...

Oh that is weird. I tried as well using age and height. In dataset 1, there are two participants with age 68 (heights 165 and 167.2), while in dataset 2, there is only one participant with age 68, and they have height 165. There's a participant listed with height 167.2 but their age is 54.

You could probably join on multiple columns (e.g. where all of sex, age and BMI match.

Investigating liminality in the lived experiences of young adults with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) Toller, L University of Exeter PhD in Sociology [Line breaks added] Abstract This study investigates the lived experiences of young adults (aged 18-25) with...

I think the main potential multiple testing issue would be where they looked at the association of CMV with 8 different domains of the SF-36, then only used the most significant for the followup linear regression. If there was barely any pattern of p-values, I'd be more concerned. But 5 out of 8...

The relationship of cytomegalovirus with physical functioning and health-related quality of life in older adults Frances A. Kirkham, Phu Sabei Shwe, Ekow Mensah & Chakravarthi Rajkumar Aims/introduction Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a highly prevalent virus, known to be associated with...

Long-term neurological and cognitive impact of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis in over 4 million patients Toka Elboraay, Mahmoud A. Ebada, Maged Elsayed, Heba Ahmed Aboeldahab, Hazem Mohamed Salamah, Omar Rageh, Mohamed Elmallahy, Hadeer Elsaeed AboElfarh, Lena Said Mansour...

I haven't watched the video, but your summary sounds a lot like the things discussed in a previous video that I summarized in an earlier post. Bolded the parts that relate to a couple of your questions:

I looked at one claim in the response, high urinary creatine as objective evidence of muscle damage in ME/CFS. https://www.s4me.info/threads/urinary-creatine.44616/#post-616907 She cites one unpublished datapoint. Chris Armstrong's team published a paper that seems to show the opposite, but...

Latest preprint 14 June 2025 Integrative Genome-Wide Association Studies of COVID-19 Susceptibility and Hospitalization Reveal Risk Loci for Long COVID Zhongshan Cheng [Line breaks added] Abstract Long COVID presents a significant public health challenge, characterized by over 200 reported...

I just wanted to look at at further evidence for one claim supporting biochemical pathology from the response from Margaret Williams to Jonathan Edwards' hypothesis paper: This paper tested creatine in urine before and after exercise (along with 1400 other metabolites): Urine Metabolomics...

I don't think it's necessary to focus on. She apparently thinks Jonathan is blatantly wrong about that point, so it's understandable to sound a bit more defensive. I'm sure the writers of the "Patients with severe ME/CFS need hope..." paper consider some of the rapid responses they got...