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Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir use reduces risk for long COVID in patients with immunodeficiency [Line breaks added] Selected paragraphs Our findings highlight the potential broad benefit of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in reducing the risk of long COVID among patients with both primary and secondary...

A double-blind clinical trial of SGB for long COVID-related olfactory dysfunction just posted results on ClinicalTrials.gov: Stellate Ganglion Block for the Treatment of COVID-19-Induced Parosmia: Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Randomized Clinical Trial 32 patients received treatment and...

I think I might not have made my point clearly before. Yes, I think exercise can probably cause PEM. It might be any of a million mechanisms for how it happens. Maybe chemicals released by the muscles float to the brain and damage neurons. Maybe muscles aren't involved and it's all in the...

Evaluation of Interventions for Cognitive Symptoms in Long COVID [Line breaks added] Importance Treatment for cognitive dysfunction due to postacute sequelae of long COVID (ie, symptoms of fatigue, malaise, weakness, confusion that persist beyond 12 weeks after an initial COVID infection)...

I don't know any specific ways that weak synapses can lead to symptoms. But synapses are involved in every function of the nervous system, so I imagine pretty much any brain-associated symptoms are theoretically possible. Synapse involvement was discussed on this thread...

Still, maybe it shows that synapse damage is why brain IFN-g and microglia activation are associated with post-acute symptoms in this other study that used a coronavirus: Neuropsychiatric sequelae in an experimental model of post-COVID syndrome in mice, 2025, Pimenta et al It might fit with...

This abstract appears to say that IFN-gamma signalling to microglia causes post-acute symptoms in mice after a couple different viral infections. One of the effects was damage to synapses.

T cells promote microglia-mediated synaptic elimination and cognitive dysfunction during recovery from neuropathogenic flaviviruses Published: 2019 [Line breaks added] Abstract T cells clear virus from the CNS and dynamically regulate brain functions, including spatial learning, through...

Removing the ovaries of the mice before infection prevented the decrease in marble burying at 34 dpi. It also reduced the spatial memory problem at 60 dpi, but it looks like it didn't completely eliminate it. It looks like calcium and glutamate levels in hippocampus were not as high 30 dpi in...

More brain findings. Just picking out the figures that visually look the most like there's a sex difference.

Investigating effects on the brain Brain viral load higher in females at 5 dpi, but gone from both sexes by 16 dpi. Increased calcium and glutamate in the hippocampus in females but not males, but no changes in these chemicals in cortex: They talk about sex differences in microglial and...

Increases in CD4, CD8, and NK cells that express IFN gamma at 8 dpi in females: Fig 4:

This is testing infecting mice with MHV-A59: The section about sex differences in long-term behavioral effects: Figure 3: Looking at the figures for what stands out most clearly for sex differences: Decreased olfactory discrimination in females at 6 days post infection (dpi) and still...

68 would be both the mode and the median in this case. If over half of points are exactly 68, then 68 must be the middle ranked point (the median).

As long as more than half the group did exactly 68 sessions, and anyone else did less. Could be a mistake, but it's not impossible that's right.

I have little doubt that exercise does causally worsen exertion capacity. But I think it's because exercise causes symptoms, so the person chooses/is forced not to exert. If a healthy person and a person with ME/CFS do identical amounts of exercise, I think their objective markers of physical...

I think even if it was only people with PEM, you should expect that their VO2 and peak power will improve with exercise. I don't think we have evidence that muscles don't become stronger or the cardiovascular system doesn't become more efficient with training in pwME as opposed to healthy...

So exercise improved physical fitness. Not the most surprising results in the world. No effect on quality of life.

Individualised aerobic and resistance exercise training improves exercise tolerance in individuals with Long COVID: findings from the PERCEIVE randomised controlled trial E Howden, L Burnham, J Smith, K Whitmore, K Morrison, R Hoare, Y Sata, Q Huynh, T Marwick [Line breaks added] Background...

Videos from this symposium are on Youtube: Community Symposium on the Molecular Basis of ME/CFS 2025