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They excluded people who were unable to score 75% of the maximum score - because they could not highlight the presence of mild cognitive alterations. So, potentially they excluded people with moderate and severe cognitive alterations. Was it to eliminate people who were either too stupid or...

That last sentence fully deserves ridicule. People had to measure their fatigue on a scale from 1 to 10. How can a decision about how to measure fatigue possibly support a hypothesis that fatigue is a global perceptual phenomenon? There is no logic. A subjective scale like that has problems...

First off, there was a selection bias in who participated in the study. There was a pool of around 6000 young adults, but they recruited only 506. Think about the young competitive athlete (mostly snow sports), probably training as part of a team. The people who had not regained their fitness...

An Italian study It's not quite as much of a statement of the obvious and misplaced causation beliefs as it appears. They had 4 groups of young adults: competitive athletes (AA); sporty amateurs (MA); ski instructors (SI) and sedentary people (SP). They had all visited the sports medicine...

There was the finding of the incorporation of virus, or viral particles, in that group of monocytes, and the idea that that made the monocyte live a lot longer (15 months after infection, so, unless there was a viral reservoir or the particles survived upon cell death, at least that long)...

I think I have seen that the non-classical subset of monocytes is typically 10% of the total number of monocytes (classical + intermediate + non-classical). So the non-classical subset could be increased, with or without the total number of monocytes necessarily appearing abnormal. I'm pretty...

Therefore I think non-classical monocytes maybe were not investigated in this study, certainly not individually. This study has been cited as evidence that the increase in non-classical monocytes that has been found in two studies of Long Covid patients has not been found in ME/CFS. I don't...

Cort Johnson (in the discussion linked above) says The first link is to Cellular immune function in myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) (2019) Cliff, Nacul et al. and it's true that they didn't find different levels of monocytes. But they only looked at CD14+...

The 2022 Klein, Iwasaki paper did a similar analysis, but crucially also with a group of healthy people who had recently had Covid-19 (healthy convalescents). [Preprint] Distinguishing features of Long COVID identified through immune profiling, 2022, Klein, Iwasaki et al They found a similar...

Persistence of SARS CoV-2 S1 Protein in CD16+ Monocytes in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) ..., 2021, Patterson et al (in prep) Bruce Patterson's team actually also found increased levels of non-classical monocytes: They found that the non-classical monocytes contained a Covid protein in...

I've been meaning to come back to this study, to see how strong findings other than the cortisol result look. CC are healthy convalescent controls; HC are never-infected healthy controls Non-classical monocytes increased They suggest that numbers of nonclassical monocytes (CD14lo CD16hi) were...

Yes, exactly. It's entirely circular. I think the following is right: They had 99 people with self-reported symptoms consistent with Long Covid (and 40 uninfected healthy controls; 39 healthy convalescents and 37 healthy previously infected healthy care workers). The measure that the...

I had the same thought. The 94% one is particularly odd. "Patient Reported Outcomes alone are sufficient to identify long COVID patients with 94% accuracy." That assumes that there is a method to identify long COVID patients that has 100% accuracy. Else, how you could you possibly know how...

There's some great observations in that table in @SNT Gatchaman's post.

There are a few problems contributing to this I think. One is that so much of medicine is hopelessly out of date. Management systems, and data management systems, customer management systems were adopted in many industries decades ago. But they have not had the same uptake in medicine. Part...

Reply to my email to the corresponding author: Unfortunately no comment on my mention of PEM. I'm not sure why the comment was made about heightened inflammation; possibly they believe that Long Covid is characterised by inflammatory cytokines?

No one is silencing papers about hypotheses about ME/CFS. There are plenty of them. It's just that most of them look pretty much the same, and so add nothing new, and are vague and built on questionable assumptions resulting from poor quality research. It's a low effort way to get published...

Mostly from a North Carolina team, one Liberia-based researcher. It's a shame there is a paywall. They appear to have a very high level of participant retention (311 out of 326) after 5 years. I wonder if the authors are familiar with ME/CFS diagnostic criteria and the concept of PEM. It...

Well, like most tools, it could be used in a good way or a bad way.

If I'm understanding right, the researchers seem to be suggesting that acetylcholine produced by the activated T-cells acts locally, with most of the acetylcholine being inactivated before it gets very far. And so, it's very hard to detect the acetylcholine in vivo. Time for my breakfast. It...