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There would be some kind of enzymatic assay where an excess of substrate and all other reactants are added to a sample, along with a reagent which reacts with the product in some way which can be detected fluorometrically of spectrophotometrically. The change in this reagent is then...

That is different from low serum levels. They are talking about very rare genetic defects which result in low activity of the enolase enzyme. Interestingly, they don't describe any known cases of defects in ENO2 (NSE).

I don't know much about the test. As far as I understand it, elevation associated with tissue damage is due to breakdown of cells. Normally the enzyme is inside cells and the level in blood just reflects normal tissue turnover. Increased cellular breakdown leads to elevated amounts in blood...

Enolase is an enzyme involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. It catalyses the formation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) from 2-phospho-D-glycerate and vice versa - ie, this is a reversible reaction. In glycolysis, PEP is then converted to pyruvate which feeds into the Kreb's cycle. In...

Exactly. I have seen nothing impressive from this group. Apart from the abysmal SNP studies, they persist in doing small phenomenological studies and making grandiose claims. Interestingly, many years before I succumbed to ME/CFS, I developed apparent hypertension (later diagnosed as labile...

I'm not sure what you mean by this. If you mean poor general uptake of substances into mitochondria, there would not be a global problem. Transport of substances into mitochondria is driven by specific transporters - different ones for different substances. Their are some rare diseases...

Do you mean malabsorption of B6 into mitochondria? I don't know anything about this so did a quick google. All I could find was this old paper which found the following:- Approx 20% B6 in liver is in mitochondria. Mostly it is present as phosphorylated forms associated with the inner...

I've never taken either in isolation so couldn't comment.

Not might, it is. The pathway goes phe>tyr>dopa>dopamine>noradrenaline>adrenaline. Perhaps the studies you referred to concentrated on the tyr>dopa step because this is the rate-limiting step in the pathway.

With proteinaceous foods you'd be getting a mixture, some of the ones you wanted, some that you didn't. You could maybe look for an analysis of proteins which are rich in the amino acids you want - I don't have any particular information on this.

Yes it does. See the link in my post above.

Sorry I somehow missed this post. Maybe but I would be just guessing about what this means. All three - leu, ile and val - feed in independently of pyruvate so should theoretically be helpful. All three would compete for uptake into the brain with the aromatic amino acid precursors to...

You are defaulting to these issues, not the review. Are you saying we shouldn't study bio-medical aspects of the brain because results might be twisted by the BPS crowd?

If, as you go on to say, immunologists don't have a sufficiently broad training in their discipline, then I despair a bit that we will reach an in-depth understanding of the contribution of immunological defects to ME/CFS anytime soon. I've always thought the reason for the immunological...

I have neurally mediated hypotension and often experience a plummeting BP within 1-2 h of getting out of bed in the morning. It's as though my body works hard at adjusting to the upright position after a night in the horizontal position, does ok for a while, then gives up the ghost. Eventually...

What about naltrexone binding to TLR4? Can you think of ways that signalling through this pathway could be relevant to ME/CFS?

Whether or not biotin interferes with pathology tests entirely depends upon the use of the biotin-streptavidin capture system in immunoassays. Immunoassays don't necessarily use this system. You can only know if biotin is likely to be a problem by asking the path lab specifically which if any...

It could be. Conversion of gln to glu for further energy use by the gut does generate a lot of ammonia but this is carried directly to the liver for disposal via the portal vein and doesn't affect systemic ammonia. Still maybe if one already had some problems dealing with ammonia there could be...

I ran out of time and energy yesterday to go into more detail about the proposition that sensitivity to gln supplements is because of effects on glu in the brain. It's an attractive notion, but not only is there no evidence for it, but also it is hard to see how it would work. The study I...

Glutamate (or glutamic acid; glu) and glutamine (gln) are closely related amino acids which readily interconvert. The difference between them is that the glu side chain ends in a carboxylic acid group (COOH) while the gln side chain ends in an amide group (CONH2). Both amino acids are...