An ultra-early, transient interferon-associated innate immune response associates with protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection, 2024, Fenn+

An ultra-early, transient interferon-associated innate immune response associates with protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection despite exposure
Joe Fenn et 77 al

BACKGROUND
A proportion of individuals exposed to respiratory viruses avoid contracting detectable infection. We tested the hypothesis that early innate immune responses associate with resistance to detectable infection in close contacts of COVID-19 cases.

METHODS
48 recently-exposed household contacts of symptomatic COVID-19 cases were recruited in London, UK between May 2020 and March 2021 through a prospective, longitudinal observational study. Blood and nose and throat swabs were collected during the acute period of index case viral shedding and longitudinally thereafter. Magnitude of SARS-CoV-2 exposure was quantified, and serial PCR and serological assays used to determine infection status of contacts. Whole-blood RNA-seq was performed and analysed to identify transcriptomic signatures of early infection and resistance to infection.

FINDINGS
24 highly-exposed household contacts became PCR-positive and seropositive whilst 24 remained persistently PCR-negative and seronegative. A 96-gene transcriptomic signature of early SARS-CoV-2 infection was identified using RNA-seq of longitudinal blood samples from PCR-positive contacts. This signature was dominated by interferon-associated genes and expression correlated positively with viral load. Elevated expression of this 96-gene signature was also observed during exposure in 25% (6/24) of persistently PCR-negative, seronegative contacts. PCR-negative contacts with elevated signature expression had higher-magnitude SARS-CoV-2 exposure compared to those with low signature expression. We validated this signature in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals in two independent cohorts. In naturally-exposed healthcare workers (HCWs) we found that 7/58 (12%) PCR-negative HCWs exhibited elevated signature expression. Comparing gene-signature expression in SARS-CoV-2 Controlled Human Infection Model (CHIM) volunteers pre-and post-inoculation, we observed that 14 signature genes were transiently upregulated as soon as 6 hr post-inoculation in PCR-negative volunteers, while in PCR-positive volunteers gene-signature upregulation did not occur until 3 days later.

INTERPRETATION
Our interferon-associated signature of early SARS-CoV-2 infection characterises a subgroup of exposed, uninfected contacts in three independent cohorts who may have successfully aborted infection prior to induction of adaptive immunity. The earlier transient upregulation of signature genes in PCR-negative compared to PCR-positive CHIM volunteers suggests that ultra-early interferon-associated innate immune responses correlate with, and may contribute to, protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Link | PDF (Lancet: eBioMedicine) [Open Access]

 

Could this be part of the reason why some people with ME/CFS report not getting sick with viruses/colds after the initial infection?

If the innate immune system is on high alert/primed somehow for a similar "ultra-early" response.

 

Even more interesting IMO is the people whose symptoms improve or even resolve when they are acutely (but mildly) ill. It doesn't seem to be especially common in relative numbers, a low % of people, but in absolute numbers it's enough to be noticeable. I've seen it often enough over the years.

I'm not sure how such a study could even happen, though. The systems, processes and institutions needed to make this happen are basically as far from our current level of development as a permanent nuclear fusion-powered base on the Moon. Even though technically we have all the tools and technology needed, just not the social level of development.