Functional cognitive disorder in Alzheimer's disease 2025 Cabreira, Stone, Carson et al

Andy

Senior Member (Voting rights)

Highlights​

• Functional cognitive disorder can occur comorbidly with Alzheimer's disease.
• Clinical clues may identify patients at risk of converting to Alzheimer's disease.
• This study has implications for management, prognosis and research trials.
• We propose potential mechanisms which may be further explored in future studies.

Abstract​

Objectives​

To conduct a preliminary exploration of functional cognitive disorders (FCD) in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and potential shared mechanisms.

Methods​

Retrospective analysis of a convenience sample of FCD patients with an overlapping diagnosis of AD evaluated in two outpatient services in the United Kingdom, between 2010 and 2023. Demographics, latency until AD diagnosis, detailed description of FCD and AD, comorbidities, family history, imaging and fluid biomarkers, cognitive testing, symptom trajectory, and employment status were collected from hospital records. Possible clues for AD among FCD patients were explored by comparing FCD-AD cases against a sample of insidious onset FCD-only patients matched for age at symptom onset.

Results​

Twelve FCD-AD cases were identified (eight female). All patients had FCD symptoms before or simultaneously with an AD diagnosis (median latency of 2.5 years). Low cognitive scores at baseline, sleep disturbance and/or mood and anxiety disorders were more common in the FCD-AD cases, in comparison with the FCD-only group. Informants' concern, executive, language and/or praxis difficulties, and an increase in repetitions may point to underlying AD. No cases appeared to be a misdiagnosis. Initial relative symptom stability or transient improvement, stressful life events around symptom onset and a family history of cognitive difficulties did not differentiate between FCD patients with or without AD.

Discussion​

FCD may be a prodromal or presenting feature of AD. We discuss potential links between the two, and the clinical relevance of these findings for prognostication and management of FCD patients, including its implications for clinical trials.

Open access
 
The FCD-AD cases were retrospectively identified through two pathways: convenience sampling of patients who were known to the research team and had received both diagnoses in their clinics, and by retrospectively reviewing consecutive cases attending the memory clinic in NHS Fife between 2010 and 2023.
Just a tiny risk of bias here..
All FCD-AD cases fulfilled the 2020 proposed diagnostic criteria for FCD based on clinical features [12] and had received a diagnosis of probable or confirmed diagnosis of AD which was clinically established and/or supported by investigations in a pragmatic manner according to local standards, following the ICD-11 criteria (code 6D80 for Dementia due to Alzheimer's disease).
12 is this:

How the 2013-2019 patients received an FCD diagnosis based on those criteria is beyond me.

Seeing as all of these patients eventually went on to have confirmed AD, wouldn’t a plausible explanation be that their FCD actually was just very mild or prodormal AD, and not a «functional» disorder at all?

Declaration of competing interest

JS reports personal fees from UptoDate, outside the submitted work, runs a self-help website for patients with functional neurological symptoms (www. neurosymptoms.org) which is free and has no advertising, provides independent medical testimony in personal injury and negligence cases regarding patients with functional disorders, and is secretary of the International Functional Neurological Disorder Society. He is a Chief Scientists Office NHS Research Scotland Career Researcher. AJC is a director of a limited personal services company that provides independent medical testimony in court cases on a range of neuropsychiatric topics on a 50 % pursuer 50 % defender basis, a paid associate editor of the Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, and unpaid president elect of the International Functional Neurological Disorder Society.
And funded by the EU:
This work was supported by European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program grant number 956673. This article reflects only the author's view, the Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains.
 
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This offensive junk is far more dangerous than whatever RFK Jr is doing as health secretary in the US, because although it's just as wrong and absurd, it's taken seriously by the medical profession, making it more impactful. Absolute waste of money for a research fund that is supposed to be about innovation, and only serves to kill it entirely. Medicine is enshittifying faster than anything else, mainly because it operates in a completely insulated bubble, untouched by anything outside of it.

And because the review and validation process is completely broken, notice how the highlights include the idea that "clinical clues may identify patients at risk of converting to Alzheimer's disease". Which makes no sense, they have no such clues. But also there is zero additional mention beyond being in the highlight other than the paper being tagged "conversion disorders". So they put in highlights something that is literally not even discussed in the paper. Just a clue, a hint: think conversion disorder, everything is conversion disorder.

Also, there is an odd misrepresentation about Stone's website: it's not for patients, it's for professionals. They use it to send patients away. For patients it's utterly useless, its only function is allow clinicians to give up while feeling good about it.
 
Why not diagnose every one with functional disorders at conception, and save a lot of work? (Sarcasm alert)
Everything is conversion disorder, if you don't think about it.

Oddly enough, they didn't invoke the (formerly?) fashionable concept of a "functional overlay". I guess it's because they are discussing a respected disease, but they still loudly hint at thinking of this as ye olde conversion disorder so who knows?
 
Just a tiny risk of bias here..

12 is this:

How the 2013-2019 patients received an FCD diagnosis based on those criteria is beyond me.

Seeing as all of these patients eventually went on to have confirmed AD, wouldn’t a plausible explanation be that their FCD actually was just very mild or prodormal AD, and not a «functional» disorder at all?

And funded by the EU:
One has to wonder if this is about screwing those people out of support eg if someone is working then does their invention create a diversion from them getting diagnosed with Alzheimer’s at the time they are eg leaving work and needing ill health retirement at the exact small window when any top ups would have to happen to said pension - so it’s instead done on this made-up diagnosis about which these people say what? That it isn’t deteriorative and CBT works?

Delay/ replace proper diagnosis during this period and what might have been due/accessible if it hadn’t gets distorted and lost forever?

Sorry but I have to assume that money is behind all of this, money in someone wanting to invent their own kingdom and money being ‘saved’ -except it isn’t because it’s just taking it from pockets that need it and putting the burden elsewhere because the illness doesn’t change - as their sales pitch to others who might help them in funding their research or progressing their careers etc
 
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Everything is conversion disorder, if you don't think about it.

Oddly enough, they didn't invoke the (formerly?) fashionable concept of a "functional overlay". I guess it's because they are discussing a respected disease, but they still loudly hint at thinking of this as ye olde conversion disorder so who knows?
The worst thing is that aren’t there now some treatments for Alzheimer’s

BUT only if caught and used in EARLY stages?
 
This offensive junk is far more dangerous than whatever RFK Jr is doing as health secretary in the US, because although it's just as wrong and absurd, it's taken seriously by the medical profession, making it more impactful. Absolute waste of money for a research fund that is supposed to be about innovation, and only serves to kill it entirely. Medicine is enshittifying faster than anything else, mainly because it operates in a completely insulated bubble, untouched by anything outside of it.

And because the review and validation process is completely broken, notice how the highlights include the idea that "clinical clues may identify patients at risk of converting to Alzheimer's disease". Which makes no sense, they have no such clues. But also there is zero additional mention beyond being in the highlight other than the paper being tagged "conversion disorders". So they put in highlights something that is literally not even discussed in the paper. Just a clue, a hint: think conversion disorder, everything is conversion disorder.

Also, there is an odd misrepresentation about Stone's website: it's not for patients, it's for professionals. They use it to send patients away. For patients it's utterly useless, its only function is allow clinicians to give up while feeling good about it.
It is and I can’t help but note the very specific context Alzheimer’s has always presented in the UK

Basically uk people are responsible entirely for their own care costs in old age. Unless their income and savings (including the property they live in) are below a certain threshold - and then they don’t get to eg choose their care home etc. But it’s different if they have an illness that isn’t ’old age’ and need care. Although of course that last one is another social contract issue to look at.

It has been an ongoing ‘third rail’ issue for elections (eg Theresa May talked of capping this liability and there’s been talk of ‘just £100,000’ or ‘just £23,000’ of peoples savings that I can remember) because eg an old age home is so expensive a whole inheritance and having to sell home in that can be gone from eg just a few years care or less.

But people with AD in particular can be so ‘ill’ they need to be in a home with 24hr care …. for eg a decade.

It’s known as in the UK the one from a finances for family perspective the one that wipes people out and more.

AD is an illness BUT it’s the one illness where from a ‘who pays’ situation for some reason it is counted as the ‘old age’ scenario when it comes to care , instead of ‘nhs disease’ eg if you got cancer.

This seems sort of based on weird historic assumptions, not noticing it can be early-onset and assuming its similarities with ‘other types of dementia’ seen as old-age rather than what’s clear in recent years to be illness.


I’m never surprised when I realise how certain groups are the most vulnerable (we are one and should have had protections from what we now see with gravy trainers lining up to take advantage due to the unique lack of oversight healthcare has for understandable reasons of politics not running it, but that accountability never having been replaced leaving concentrated power for a few in healthcare over certain individuals) that this one crops up because if you’ve ever been near any family where Alzheimer’s has been part of their life you are very aware of this.

I find this another unconscionable situation given what those with AD have suffered thru historically and are still only just getting some research results etc to have someone doing anything that might undermine the research and prognosis stats by siphoning off or splitting out , just as we have for cfs, those less ill into other buckets where that early stuff then isn’t being studied as part of the proper trajectory by the right illness experts.

But I can’t help but assume there is something going on that squares the circle on these two well-known aspects that I just haven’t put enough thinking towards yet.

I can see a two tier system tho where those in a position to get good healthcare get cutting edge early diagnosis, treatment and support (as much as it can be for AD) whilst the poorer/those in other parts of the country get bucketed to miss all those windows and be treated behaviourally as if they just need to practice their cognitive function

And it feels like taking an nhs for all and distorting it to all for some and ‘job coach’ type treatment for the rest until they are so ill they can’t fight and get on record they had AD all along and got mis treated etc and the whole family is too overwhelmed having to just sort whatever care with the crumbs this ‘intervention’ has left.
 
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