Thesis Long COVID: a central role for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a multifaceted pathogenesis, 2025, Holla

Long COVID: a central role for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a multifaceted pathogenesis

Dani Holla

Abstract
Globally, it is estimated that over 400 million people suffer from Long COVID, a syndrome that originates from an earlier experienced SARS-CoV-2 infection. This syndrome presents with symptoms such as fatigue, post-exertional malaise, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and mood disorders, persisting for months or years after initial infection.

Although research is progressing, the syndrome pathogenesis remains to be fully understood, resulting in inadequate diagnostic tools and treatment strategies, and ultimately insufficient patient care. Investigations have provided evidence that patients with long COVID can exhibit multiple affected physiological systems. However, an explanatory mechanism resulting in these pathophysiological processes is lacking and, in addition, it remains unclear how these processes invoke the broad symptomology observed.

In this review, these pathophysiological processes will be discussed and how they could originate from persistent presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Moreover, a schematic structure will be presented to illustrate the causality and chronology of events, and how these eventually could result in the observed symptoms in long COVID (Figure 1).

PDF (Thesis) [Open Access]

 

This is their source for ‘pacing’ - it’s GET:
https://www.s4me.info/threads/effec...-longitudinal-cohort-2022-parker-et-al.30753/