Malingering and illness deception (2003) Halligan, Bass, Oakley

Pilowsky (1985) coined the term ‘malingerophobia’—to describe the
‘irrational and maladaptive fear of being tricked into providing health care to individuals who
masquerade as sick, but either have no illness at all, or have a much less severe one than they
claim’. Coincidently, it is interesting to note that the most popular course run by the Amer-
ican Psychiatric Association every year involves the detection of malingered mental illness
(Wessely 1995).
 
Contents

List of Contributors xi

Section 1 Introduction

1 Wilful deception as illness behaviour 3
Peter W. Halligan, Christopher Bass, and David A. Oakley

Section 2 Historical, military, and evolutionary origins

2 Malingering: historical perspectives 31
Simon Wessely
3 Malingering, shirking, and self-inflicted injuries in the military 42
Ian P. Palmer
4 Can monkeys malinger? 54
Richard W. Byrne and Emma Stokes

Section 3 Conceptual, methodological, and cultural context

5 Conceptual issues and explanatory models of malingering 71
Richard Rogers and Craig S. Neumann
6 The social cognition of intentional action 83
Bertram F. Malle
7 Malingering and criminal behaviour as psychopathology 93
Adrian Raine
8 Alternatives to four clinical and research traditions in malingering detection 107
David Faust
9 Characteristics of the sick role 122
Lindsay Prior and Fiona Wood
10 The contemporary cultural context for deception and malingering in Britain 132
W. Peter Robinson

Section 4 Illness deception and clinical practice

11 Illness falsification in children: pathways to prevention? 147
Judith A. Libow
12 Distinguishing malingering from psychiatric disorders 156
Michael Sharpe
13 The nature of chronic pain: a clinical and legal challenge 171
Chris J. Main
14 The misadventures of wanderers and victims of trauma 184
Loren Pankratz
15 When the quantity of mercy is strained: US physicians’ deception of insurers for patients 197
Matthew K. Wynia

Section 5 Medicolegal and occupational perspectives

16 Law, lies, and videotape: malingering as a legal phenomenon 209
Michael A. Jones
17 Outcome-related compensation: in search of a new paradigm 220
George Mendelson
18 Malingering and the law: a third way? 232
Alan Sprince
19 How can organizations prevent illness deception among employees? 243
Charles Baron and Jon Poole

Section 6 Contributions from cognitive neuroscience

20 Lying as an executive function 255
Sean Spence, Tom Farrow, David Leung, Samir Shah, Becky Reilly, Anna Rahman, and Amy Herford
21 Differential brain activations for malingered and subjectively ‘real’ paralysis 267
David A. Oakley, Nicholas S. Ward, Peter W. Halligan, and Richard S. J. Frackowiak

Section 7 Disability analysis and insurance medicine

22 Origins, practice, and limitations of Disability Assessment Medicine 287
Mansel Aylward
23 Malingering, insurance medicine, and the medicalization of fraud 301
John LoCascio

Section 8 Deception detection

24 Investigating benefit fraud and illness deception in the United Kingdom 313
Richard Kitchen
25 Neuropsychological tests and techniques that detect malingering 323
Richard I. Frederick
26 Misrepresentation of pain and facial expression 336
Kenneth D. Craig and Marilyn Hill
27 Deceptive responses and detecting deceit 348
Aldert Vrij and Samantha Mann

Index 363
 
The reality, however, is that illness behaviours can result from both exogenous and endogenous factors. In the context where potential external incentives are present or an outcome of the sick or disabled role, then in most cases other than those where psychiatric illness has been established, ‘the decision that I am unfit for work, will go sick and apply for social security benefits’ should be seen as “a conscious and rational decision, a free choice with full awareness and intent for which I must accept responsibility” ’ (Waddell 2002, p. 24)
Click to expand...

So there does not have to be incentives to illness just "potential" incentives for them to assume there is a conscious (and rational!) decision to malinger. That will be a benefit worth a pittance compared to salary in a job you have struggled to get.
 
I loved the tag that @Haveyoutriedyoga applied to this thread. I'll probably add a few more tags, but I thought it was worth immortalising in its succinct glory:

Screen Shot 2022-03-25 at 11.53.51 pm.png


Trish said:
Section 2 Historical, military, and evolutionary origins

2 Malingering: historical perspectives 31
Simon Wessely
3 Malingering, shirking, and self-inflicted injuries in the military 42
Ian P. Palmer
4 Can monkeys malinger? 54
Richard W. Byrne and Emma Stokes
Click to expand...
Section 2, item 4 also had me snorting out loud.
 
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