Notice about a forthcoming paper: A Proposed Mechanism for ME/CFS Invoking Macrophage Fc-gamma-RI and Interferon Gamma

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It is very simple. inflammation is a physiological change based on local blood vessel function that involves a change in calibre, permeability to water and solutes and cell diapedesis. It has been known since Roman times through the signs of: dolor, calor, rubor, tumor (and loss of function). In ME/CFS we can see from looking at the body and, most precisely, analysing tissue fluid content with MRI, that this occurs nowhere.

There is no inflammation.

As pointed out in our paper, there may be production of some cytokines that are often seen in inflammation but there is no production of others, and inflammation itself does not occur.

So the need is to construct a model that includes the mediators we think are involved but does not invoke some rag-bag concept of a package deal of events that people like to use as a buzz word but is not relevant.



My credentials are that I did an Experimental Pathology doctorate under Wally Spector and Derek Willoughby at Barts in the 1980s. The department at that time was the premier UK academic centre for inflammation research. I later collaborated with Salvador Moncada's group at the Wellcome Foundation (Moncada had worked with John Vane on the discovery of the action of prostaglandins and the mechanism of action of aspirin, for which John received the Nobel.) I was a founder committee member of the British Inflammation Research Association.

I learned early on that consensus in biomedical science is nearly always wrong. People just don't understand enough detail, so go for the explanation that superficially makes sense despite the fact that after ten minutes analysis you can see it falls apart. The consensus on relevant 'facts' is always heavily skewed by this popular dogma.

What do you make of the fact that some people — and I’d say it might not even be a small subgroup — can lessen the impact or occurrence of PEM with NSAIDs? And it seems to help specifically with PEM. How, if at all might this fit with your ideas?

I remember a renowned specialist in diabetes and metabolic diseases (not an ME/CFS specialist, to be fair) once told me—long before I took PEM seriously—that ME/CFS patients who overexert should probably take an NSAID to lessen the impact. It wasn’t specifically about pain; I remember him saying, 'What else would it be', meaning PEM?—I think hinting at some kind of prostaglandin-mediated issue.

It seems to work/be true for some at least.
 
What do you make of the fact that some people — and I’d say it might not even be a small subgroup — can lessen the impact or occurrence of PEM with NSAIDs? And it seems to help specifically with PEM. How, if at all might this fit with your ideas?

NSAID block production of prostanoids, which also sensitise nociceptor nerves. In the model I am thinking of I would expect NSAID to have some helpful effect. In other diseases we often see benefits from blocking several different mediators - presumably because they are all in different ways necessary to the final generation of symptoms. Wherever gamma interferon is operating I would expect prostanoids to be likely to be part of the story.
 
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I think we are beginning to see that ME/CFS really is a disease, or maybe two. I think there is an important question about whether it is one or two diseases - or at least whether the same combination of immune and neural processes is more or less universal or whether they are more modular.
A couple more questions while we’re waiting for the paper to drop:

1. If your hypothesis proves to be correct, can you suggest what the disease should be called instead of ME/CFS?

2. Do you think that ME/CFS could be more than 2 diseases?

I know that I am not alone in wondering if I may have a different illness or disease to the majority of people with ME/CFS, because some of my symptoms are atypical. I’m also aware that I have very different symptoms to at least one other person on this forum who is atypical in a different way to me. It is certainly possible that we all have different presentations of the same immune and neural processes but equally I can’t see why there couldn’t be more than 2 different diseases which are currently grouped under the ME/CFS umbrella.

Naturally, I hope that any advancement in the understanding of the mechanism of any subgroup of people ME/CFS will apply to me. But I’m also confident that any advancement would benefit everybody with the diagnosis, even if it only applies to a subgroup – provided the remainder are not thrown under the BPS bus.
 
NSAID block production of prostanoids, which also sensitise nociceptor nerves. In the model I am thinking of I would expect NSAID to have some helpful effect. In other diseases we often see benefits from blocking several different mediators - presumably because they are all in different ways necessary to the final generation of symptoms. Wherever gamma interferon is operating I would expect prostanoids to be likely to be part of the story.

Very interesting! I’m a long-term very severe patient. NSAIDs change things a bit for a while—not just the pain. I have no elevated inflammatory markers on standard labs; quite the opposite—mine have been described as 'suspiciously low.' Interestingly, there was a Gulf War illness paper showing that the most severely affected patients—those with the worst mitochondrial markers on muscle biopsy—also had the lowest inflammatory markers, if I remember correctly.
 
1. If your hypothesis proves to be correct, can you suggest what the disease should be called instead of ME/CFS?

No idea really but maybe something like Gamma Interferon Mediated Exertion Intolerance.

2. Do you think that ME/CFS could be more than 2 diseases?

I think it will turn out to have a degree of modularity, just like other chronic immune diseases. So everyone is in a slightly different place in a huge Venn diagram. A small proportion of cases will probably have causal input from quite distinct factors - either genetic or otherwise. The common factor would be the engagement of FcRI and gamma interferon. There might also be some people with the same clinical picture who do not have these involved - who should then be divided off into a separate diagnostic group - but that would be much more speculative.
 
NSAID block production of prostanoids, which also sensitise nociceptor nerves. In the model I am thinking of I would expect NSAID to have some helpful effect.

Might that explain my nagging but unprovable suspicion that I get some benefit from sulfasalazine?

It isn't substantial, but I've been asked to stop and restart the drug a few times and it was enough to notice.
 
If your hypothesis proves to be correct, can you suggest what the disease should be called instead of ME/CFS?

This is the sort of thing the crowd usually seems to decide, even when there are efforts to the contrary.

History has a hand in it too, I'd put ten bob on there being an entire Wikipedia page of diseases whose names bear no relation to the cause or even the resulting pathology.

If I had to guess at a new name, it would be that the (apparent) lack of structural damage would be referenced. That might be important as part of diagnostic processes—separating it from other candidates with a similar presentation.

I'd also guess a genetic influence might not be referenced, even if it's there.

GIMEI... That's going to end up sounding like GIMME... :eek:

I'd prefer something that could also be written as, say [insert initial of favourite psychobehaviouralist] Is A Dolt.
 
@Jonathan Edwards please can I ask what (in brief layman's terms) the distinction is between the two types is?

It all depends on whether the linked genes all crop up in the same lot of people or whether there are actually two lots of people, one with one lot of genes and the other with the other. I gather that one can look for this in genetics data but it gets tricky if you start looking at all sorts of different combinations because you end up having to multiply your p values roughly by the number of combinations you try. But in broad terms the threshold that gets overridden with abnormal signals may be lowered either by neurological or T cell factors.
 
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