One of the greatest historians and philosophers of science, Michel Foucault coined an innovative idea to describe this new kind of medicine in his seminal work
The Birth of the Clinic: the
medical gaze. The medical gaze is a novel way of seeing that involves the physician in a “double system of observation” — one that discovers the disease process and “circumscribes its natural truth.” Under the medical gaze, a person’s “constitution” — the structural body and its functional idiosyncrasies — is a conglomeration that can be traversed by a physician aware of an array of telling signs. The gaze asserts a cognitive relativity, such that the facts about the body are dependent upon the physician’s medical gaze — his sensations, perceptions, experiences, etc. Though subjective by definition, the medical gaze also offers the physician his understanding of the medical knowledge and a foundation for his judgments, so that his knowledge and observation of the body may be made useful.