Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep, 2025, Natalie L Hauglund et al

Highlights
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Norepinephrine release from the locus coeruleus drives slow vasomotion in NREM sleep
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Infraslow norepinephrine oscillations control opposing changes in blood and CSF volumes
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Norepinephrine oscillation frequency during NREM sleep predicts glymphatic clearance
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The sleep aid zolpidem suppresses norepinephrine oscillations and glymphatic flow

Summary
As the brain transitions from wakefulness to sleep, processing of external information diminishes while restorative processes, such as glymphatic removal of waste products, are activated. Yet, it is not known what drives brain clearance during sleep.

We here employed an array of technologies and identified tightly synchronized oscillations in norepinephrine, cerebral blood volume, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as the strongest predictors of glymphatic clearance during NREM sleep. Optogenetic stimulation of the locus coeruleus induced anti-correlated changes in vasomotion and CSF signal. Furthermore, stimulation of arterial oscillations enhanced CSF inflow, demonstrating that vasomotion acts as a pump driving CSF into the brain.

On the contrary, the sleep aid zolpidem suppressed norepinephrine oscillations and glymphatic flow, highlighting the critical role of norepinephrine-driven vascular dynamics in brain clearance. Thus, the micro-architectural organization of NREM sleep, driven by norepinephrine fluctuations and vascular dynamics, is a key determinant for glymphatic clearance.
LINK

 

in mice

Danish article about this study with brief mention of CFS (which doesn't appear to figure in the study itself, assuming my word search didn't miss it)

 

Also an article in Science —

https://www.science.org/content/article/scientists-uncover-how-brain-washes-itself-during-sleep

 

POssible linkages here from adrenergic theories of me/cfs / cerebral blood flow theories of mecfs to why sleep is non-restorative in me/cfs, but you'd need a lot more work to establish them as any sort of fact.
Still, could be worth someone applying for funding to look at cerebral blood flow during sleep and adrenergic markers in pwme and controls.

 

Or perhaps the different levels of Norepinephrine between ME/CFS and HC's recorded in the intramural study?