The symptom signaling theory of ME/CFS involving neurons and their synapses

Busy today so don't have time to make a separate thread and analyze it, but this might be of interest:
An airway-to-brain sensory pathway mediates influenza-induced sickness

Came up in a journal club I was part of 2 years ago, unfortunately it was long enough ago that I don't remember my labmates' commentary. @Kitty you might be right on the mark with prostaglandins

[Edit: also this paper that I haven't had a chance to read in-depth yet:
Brain Endothelial- and Epithelial-Specific Interferon Receptor Chain 1 Drives Virus-Induced Sickness Behavior and Cognitive Impairment]
 
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I slept very well during onset ME and for the next 12 years. I had a disruption of initiating sleep for almost 2 years out of the blue. My sleep just switched off one night and came back almost 2 years later as though it was switched back on again. So weird.

My close friend had severe insomnia for 18 years that started from day one of illness.
 
I think we have a symptom that feels like we didn't get enough sleep, but it has nothing to do with sleep. It's just a symptom that's there all the time, unaffected by sleep.

I can see that, but it doesn't really explain what happens when you do get refreshing sleep. Playing music not infrequently leaves me with more 'honest tiredness' than PEM-inducing exhaustion, and I sleep like I used to before I got ill.

The difference in cognitive function next day is stark. I wake up with a completely clear head, I'm quick-witted in a way I've almost forgotten is possible, my working memory's unimpaired, and I can solve cryptic crosswords that would normally take me a week. This is despite the fact I overstepped my capacity the previous night and have some low-level PEM symptoms.

Music makes odd demands. It's not that hard for me physically, but so cognitively challenging that I can only do it if I silence most of my thinking brain. It uses a type of cognitive capacity—switching off and being 'in the zone'—that I don't need for anything else. That it results in a type of sleep no other activity can produce must be connected to this in some way, but it's hard to make sense of.
 
The difference in cognitive function next day is stark.
If proper sleep does make a difference for just a few PWME, then it could be a rare mechanism that can reduce that symptoms. There could also be people for whom proper sleep fixes a completely different symptom.

If the majority of PWME felt refreshed after a proper sleep, that would point to a problem with sleep. If it's only a minority, that points to it not being a problem with sleep.
 
This is despite the fact I overstepped my capacity the previous night and have some low-level PEM symptoms.
I think that’s pretty common. People have called it wired, adrenaline rush etc.

But that after overdoing it you might feel great, even the next day or two, and if you keep pushing it this can last months. Like my brain will feel super alert because I pushed a bit.

But in my personal experience it kinda fits the debt analogy. Where if I do this too much eventually I’ll pay for it with a big PEM.
 
I think that’s pretty common. People have called it wired, adrenaline rush etc.

It really couldn't be more different. I know "wired" very well, but it's at the opposite end of the spectrum.

This is the calm, clear-headed, refreshed emergence from good quality sleep. Cognitively I'm in credit rather than debt, and the benefits last a couple of days.

It's nothing to do with pushing through, it's the unusual experience of getting normal sleep in ME/CFS. The only possible negative consequence is making me realise how much better my quality of life would be if I could do it all the time!
 
It really couldn't be more different. I know "wired" very well, but it's at the opposite end of the spectrum.

This is the calm, clear-headed, refreshed emergence from good quality sleep. Cognitively I'm in credit rather than debt, and the benefits last a couple of days.

It's nothing to do with pushing through, it's the unusual experience of getting normal sleep in ME/CFS. The only possible negative consequence is making me realise how much better my quality of life would be if I could do it all the time!
Interesting. Because the exact same conditions. Slightly pushing over waking up next day etc. give me great mental functioning, which when mild I interpreted as improvement. But the more severe I got I realised it was accompanied by tremors and worsening of some symptoms.

(I may have misread your comment I interpreted you saying the music as pushing a little).
 
Thanks for all the useful comments and suggestions!

Can you clarify what you mean by retardation in this context?
Lowered intelligence, drop in IQ level. But I generally meant that ME/CFS does not suggest brain damage or a neural development disorder. The cognitive problems are disabling but more vague and diffuse in nature, such as brain fog.

Central Sensitisation and FND come to mind,
Like Jo said, there's a lot of nonsense in the literature about central sensitisation. The problem is also not just that the signal is amplified (when it is there for other reasons); the signal seems to be always on and to a stronger degree than in many other diseases.

It is not clear to me what you mean by «symptom perception». My understanding is that symptoms means the subjective perception of something not being right. So «symptom perception» would mean that there is something wrong with the subjective perception of the subjective perception of something not being right.

I also wonder who the perceiver(s) is/are.

It might be that you mean that ME/CFS is the presence of a specific patter of central symptoms in the absence of obvious peripheral or central damage, with synaptic functioning at its core?
There must be some nervous system pathway that makes us feel symptoms (fatigue, malaise, brain fog, needing to lie down flat) when we have an infection or other disease. Whatever is causing ME/CFS, it must be activating this network pretty hard. Given that we have no convincing evidence of peripheral pathology that might activate this network in ME/CFS patients, the suggestion is that the pathology lies in this network itself. This would fit with genetic evidence pointing at the brain, neurons and synapses (rather than at a peripheral pathology).

So instead of:
Pathology -> neural pathway activated -> patient experiences symptoms

The pathology would be in the neural pathway that, when activated, results in the patient experiencing symptoms.
 
Slightly pushing over waking up next day etc. give me great mental functioning, which when mild I interpreted as improvement. But the more severe I got I realised it was accompanied by tremors and worsening of some symptoms.

Yeah, I know exactly what you mean. For me it's often at its best when I don't get any ME/CFS-sleep at all. But it feels more like running on stimulants than the relaxed calm that good sleep gives you.

(I may have misread your comment I interpreted you saying the music as pushing a little).

Probably my fault, it's difficult to get a grasp of someone else's severity level when you haven't experienced it. Some activities take me a bit over the edge, but they're not enough to knock me to the ground or risk putting me on the triple-strength caffeine train. As long as I make the next day a quiet one, there are no lasting consequences.
 
Could the feedback loop be entirely brain stimulated with no further immune system stimulation post trigger? Do we think this is likely?
My hunch is to follow Ockham's razor, keep things simple, and only add things if we really need to. At this point, I think there is strong evidence of an immune trigger, but not necessarily of immune pathology maintaining the illness.
 
The difference in cognitive function next day is stark. I wake up with a completely clear head, I'm quick-witted in a way I've almost forgotten is possible, my working memory's unimpaired, and I can solve cryptic crosswords that would normally take me a week. This is despite the fact I overstepped my capacity the previous night and have some low-level PEM symptoms.

Music makes odd demands. It's not that hard for me physically, but so cognitively challenging that I can only do it if I silence most of my thinking brain. It uses a type of cognitive capacity—switching off and being 'in the zone'—that I don't need for anything else. That it results in a type of sleep no other activity can produce must be connected to this in some way, but it's hard to make sense of.
So if I'm understanding you correctly doing a specific very task that is largely cognitive in nature often let's you get normal sleep and you wake in a way akin to healthy people, whilst pretty much all other tasks give you "ME/CFS unrefreshed sleep, foggy brain and ME/CFS symptoms the next day". So if ME/CFS was some sort of "neurological sleep-reparation process dysfunction" there's some process that let's the "neurological sleep-reparation process dysfunction" work normally for a bit.
 
Also, you say pwME don't experience being unable to continue and activity, just a rise in symptoms. That's not my experience, even when mild I couldn't do vigorous physical activity such as running, my legs would give way. And how does it explain pain increase and growing weakness while using muscles, physical and cognitive fatigability?
Yes, many patients also report early muscle weakness/cramping/lactic acid feeling that seems similar to what Ramsay described in his descriptions of ME. Anecdotally, severe patients also seem to suffer from muscle weakness that does not appear to be due to deconditioning.

I'm not sure if these could have a central origin and would fit the theory. The problem is that we have no hard data on these phenomena. It's one of the reasons why I found the experiments of Nath/Walitt on muscle fatiguability quite interesting, as they focus on distinguishing central from peripheral mechanisms.
(2) Multimodal neuroimaging of fatigability development, 2025, Bedard/Nath/Walitt et al | Science for ME
 
I don't understand how this threory explains delayed PEM.
I don't think it does; merely wanted to suggest how it leaves room for it.

It would view overexertion as the body not responding to the symptom signal. Hence, the need to make the symptoms worse and cause PEM. This would help explain why any type of exertion (cognitive tasks, physical exercise, light or sound overexposure) can trigger PEM, which is much harder if you assume a peripheral pathology in the muscle.

The delayed effect of PEM might be because if the symptom increase is given too soon after exertion, there might be no room for stress responses (to threats or food/sex opportunities). So the feedback effect mostly kicks in when the coast is clear, say after having a night's sleep.
 
Good point. It feels like its my muscles, but that might no actually be the case.
For me it feels more like a “brain” or “energy” limit than a muscle limit. Take an example of “paralysis”-like which happened to me at one point when extremely severe. The problem didn’t feel like it was weakness or cramping, it was subjectively that I was unable to concentrate or have the energy, to properly give my brain the signal to move. So in a sense my it felt like my subjective stream of consciousness was unable to properly get the body to do what I wanted it to. Almost locked in like.

I’ve spoken on this in a very severe Me group and this wasn’t the only experience interestingly. A lot of people related.
 
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