PEM discussion thread - post-exertional malaise

I looked at Moore et al. 2023 again - this is the study from Hanson's group called "Recovery from Exercise in Persons with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)" available here https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/571.

It's relevant for this discussion because it focuses on symptoms of PEM rather than physiological correlates of PEM following a 2-day CPET in people with ME/CFS (well assessed by a physician, met CCC criteria and were not doing any regular exercise) and sedentary controls.

The issue of delayed onset only comes up in the limitations part of the discussion (I added the bolding):


So while they saw delayed onset of PEM, it was not the norm. The average pattern was this:
View attachment 25606

I'm actually not sure if the two CPETS were done on days 0 and 1 or days 1 and 2, but I think it was days 0 and 1. I may have missed this in the paper.
I’m actually quite/more worried about how they saw delayed PEM and then explained it away assuming it must be an external factor without even checking it (which could have been done by interview) ‘because it didn’t fit’

I’m assuming and haven’t yet looked up the details on their sample and who it included
 
I wonder if the intensity or nature of the exertion might impact the delay. Exercise with a CPET is pretty extreme, and might on average produce a quicker response in terms of PEM compared to less intense exertion. Maybe there is some kind of dose response relationship here.
And if it is subjective measures there is the issue of the wired thing vs people answering literally on how they feel (eg we know we feel hyper because we are overtired but..)
 
There is the added complication with interpreting the CPET studies that participants may have already gone over their PEM threshold in the days before the CPET, and in their journey to the test centre. So they may be building PEM on PEM already triggered.
I thought that earlier on something. Basically it isn’t just the journey but if I had to set an alarm (as well as all the packing etc) just that impact on my sleep which really needs to do what it wants vs my daily heakth exertion aches and pains (I can’t ever control them enough the only way I get sleep is by not trying to control it and leering it come when it comes - so alarms are a nightmare because I can sleep through one easily if I’m in a deep sleep)

- basically I would not sleep at all probably the whole night before. Certainly until the days when I knew I had someone else coming in to manually wake me well ahead of time to get liquid then get ready . And even then it would be likely distracted sleep or less than normal unless I lucked out with what timing my sleep was at (i get PEM so often then it cycles back round) vs the timing I had to be somewhere ‘working for me’
 
My views are evolving. And as they evolve, the situation becomes increasingly unclear. There are so many differences between individuals that the concept of PEM becomes increasingly slippery.

But I think there are key things we can probably all agree. It's just a question of pinning those down. It has been an interesting and challenging experience so far trying to put together a factsheet just with a few other people. I suspect there will be endless disagreements when I post the latest version on the forum in the next day or 2.
We appreciate you Trish. Thanks for all your efforts with this.
 
Really good question.

I experience both immediate and delayed PEM. I had a visit yesterday - I only manage a few a year - where I talked to someone I love very much and am very familiar with for 45 mins. While lying down in my own bed. A small bit of having to multitask - talk and listen through noise - at the end of the visit, but no exposure to perfume or levels of light or movement that can be difficult in other PEM-triggering events. During the visit, I started getting worse brainfog, headache, a very wired/revved up feeling, increased pain all over, increased sensitivity to noise. Those symptoms continued and intensified and those are still my symptoms now. Eventually, I will come down from the wired feeling, but the others will persist. When the symptoms abate (these daysusually within a week), I will think I'm OK, but then do something that I can usually tolerate and get fired straight into the PEM hellpit again.

So I think that's different from your experience, where you described that you feel crappy, but no more than you were before.

I definitely call what I'm currently experiencing PEM in all its weird and wonderful glory. And I shouldn't be posting but that's wiredness for you.
That’s interesting because that’s the part I tend to call ‘cognitive fatigue’ - noting the pain part is obviously an exception in not fitting under that but me holding eg arms unsupported or neck not comfy means a growing ache I then have to be straight to quiet bed lying time for.

the part I definitely call PEM (the bigger the example the easier for me as there is lot of grey) is when I go to an appointment. I’ll obviously have to be in bed straight after from exhaustion of both kinds. But 36hrs later hits what I call PEM - which if it has involved my feet down for a long time these days has a really distinctive ‘revving’ pain through the bottom half of my legs specifically and I spent the night needing the loo then water and salt. After this bit (pain and needing wee, whilst exhausted) ends then I’m pass out exhausted re lifting head or arms and needing head support / burying it into pillows like it’s heavy. But I’ve also always had these hot aches particularly in wrists and ankles where I need to chase cold sheet for them - through both stages but it eases off eventually as I get enough rest.

Before I started getting the bottom of leg thing I’d always had these hot wrists and ankles ‘pitching/peaking’ which felt very rheumatic and was delayed so I’ve sirt of focused on those signals kicking in for timing I guess

you’ll note I have other symptoms during this but the bit I’ve picked out as distinctive is more what I relate to being physical exertion triggered

you’ve reminded me that even years ago I realised that just cognitive fatigue ‘happened at the time’ where physical stuff caused both physical and cognitive but was delayed - but that there is this ‘cebtral’ element to both (relates to needing to support head snd I guess consciousness as I’d deffo say the passed out level of sleep but also the can’t sleep despite needing it so much I’d be in pain )
 
My views are evolving. And as they evolve, the situation becomes increasingly unclear. There are so many differences between individuals that the concept of PEM becomes increasingly slippery.

But I think there are key things we can probably all agree. It's just a question of pinning those down. It has been an interesting and challenging experience so far trying to put together a factsheet just with a few other people. I suspect there will be endless disagreements when I post the latest version on the forum in the next day or 2.

I think if we focus on the features that are not just exaggerated normal fatigue, but acknowledge variation between individuals we will have something useful.

As long as we distinguish rapid fatiguability and hypersensitivities that resolve fairly rapidly from PEM which has the unusual patterns that may but not necessary include some or all of the following- that’s is the weird and wonderful array of properties we know and love.
 
I’m actually quite/more worried about how they saw delayed PEM and then explained it away assuming it must be an external factor without even checking it (which could have been done by interview) ‘because it didn’t fit’

I’m assuming and haven’t yet looked up the details on their sample and who it included
Yeah, I thought that was a bit odd too. But this is a group of (mostly) exercise scientists looking at their data and only seeing delayed onset "occasionally", so I can see where they're coming from. Subjects also provided "free-text input"/"narratives" as in other CPET studies. The authors went to great lengths to check recovery times between the scores and the narratives:
When the subjects’ records had been returned to the study sites, one investigator (GEM) reviewed the SSS forms to corroborate each subject’s SSS scores with that subject’s narrative and stated an estimate of their recovery. Particularly for ME/CFS subjects, the time it took SSS scores to return to the pre-CPET level and the stated recovery time in the written narratives were often not in agreement. This was deemed not to be due to one being correct and the other incorrect but rather to the difficulty of defining and sensing full recovery and to slightly different notions arising from using two different methods. All the SSS scores were reviewed, and a recovery time was estimated for how long it took for all the scores to return to the pre-CPET1 scores. This judged recovery time estimate was compared with what the subject stated in their narrative, and a final estimate was established as a “judged recovery time”. We did not track what the investigator thought versus what the subject thought but rather were attempting to resolve conflicting responses between the subject’s own SSS scores and narrative. Controls who stated that they recovered in less than a day were assigned one day.

In some cases, our recovery time estimate did not concur with the subject’s stated recovery time, and rarely the subject stated that they had not recovered. In such cases, we attempted to contact the subject to get greater clarity on how long they felt that it took to recover. Most subjects we attempted to contact replied, but after returning the SSS forms, they had officially completed their responsibilities to the study and were under no obligation to respond. The subjects from LA and NYC never had prior contact with the investigator calling them (GEM), which may have affected their willingness to respond. Indeterminant cases where we were unable to determine a judged recovery time were excluded from the analysis.
 
My views are evolving. And as they evolve, the situation becomes increasingly unclear. There are so many differences between individuals that the concept of PEM becomes increasingly slippery.

But I think there are key things we can probably all agree. It's just a question of pinning those down. It has been an interesting and challenging experience so far trying to put together a factsheet just with a few other people. I suspect there will be endless disagreements when I post the latest version on the forum in the next day or 2.
Just want to echo @AliceLily - so grateful for all the work you're putting into this.:thumbup:

My views are evolving too. These discussions are so worthwhile.
 
That’s interesting because that’s the part I tend to call ‘cognitive fatigue’ - noting the pain part is obviously an exception in not fitting under that
My repertoire includes cognitive crashes, pain flares and the whole shebang, but I see all of them as coming under the umbrella of PEM, because they're all post-exertional, they're all prolonged and they're all disproportionate. They're not really as discrete from each other as the separate labels suggest. What I have now is the whole shebang.
 
Moore et al. 2023 did something interesting on that score - they told subjects to rest, and it seemed to work, in that they had less PEM before they did the first CPET than they did when initially assessed:

But of course even in that semi-rested state prior to CPET, their symptom/PEM scores were still high compared to controls (eyeballing it from the figure in my post above, about 4.5 for pwME compared to about 0.3 for controls on a scale of 0 to 10).

Here's what Moore et al. say about it in the discussion (my bolding):
It’s good to see these limitations/issues/complexities not just being talked about, but the detail of what state people were in and why annotated for a study - a notm I’d like to see develop in some way
 
My PEM already starts during exertion. Every week I do my grocery shopping 2 x 800 meters on my electric bike. Muscle aches already present while cycling. I only had
one and a half minute of aerobic energy during CPET. When blood volume could be low: not enough oxygen could halt the Krebs cycle and anaerobic energy produces more lactate?.
When I can finally sit down, I drink about one liter. At one point I have to get up from my armchair and the first steps are always excruciatingly painful, as if my muscles are torn apart. Muscle damage, highly probable.

My heart rate is 100+, higher than normal and stays high even in bed hours later. I'm tired but wired. Sleep is always a problem, after shopping even worse.
The next day I'm way slower than normal, my brain is at half capacity, muscles aching.
When I take my bike chart it's worse because I buy more heavy stuff, about 50 kg. All of the above is worse and lasts longer.

And I'm one of the lucky ones, I don't have the flu-like symptoms.
 
I can see the potential confusion, of course. I spent years in PEM before I even realised it was delayed, and pre-internet—when patients very rarely got to talk to one another—that was probably common.

One of the things I'm trying to get clear in my head (and not succeeding) is whether we need more than one term, or if that would just make things worse.

Personally, I found Trish's descriptions of rapid fatiguability and PEM as different concepts really helpful, but of course I saw it through the eyes of an experienced ME/CFS patient. It might have been a lot less helpful before I'd understood PEM as a consequence of previous exertion—which is delayed, but can both catch up with itself and compound.
I think back to when I was younger and when I wasn’t in PEM outsiders might have thought my function in the sense of going on a night out or something was ‘normal’. I’m not sure that the ‘after’ of that however was much less extreme in debilitation than when I’m in PEM now (of course I can’t do anywhere near that these days to cause it however) but I couldn’t move or wake. But had been dancing in loud music (yes probably pushing thru with adrenaline not realising) having saved up rest before etc. there were nights I’d have to come home having had a funny turn or felt unwell, hence I underline the ‘when I’d made sure I was well rested’.

I was definitely extremely PEM-y because when I was in situations like uni (days where lecture attendance wasn’t monitored) outside of exam type periods. On the other hand I couldn’t function day to day anywhere near the level of my peers and having been an athlete as well as quite academic/lots of that at school it’s a fair comparison - I simply couldn’t have reliably got to five days a week of lectures and sit in the library or get what I needed from it after as I’d want to get home to lie down. I’d also drive because I knew I couldn’t bus or walk in (I think I knew then but didn’t have the words for oI but knew the walking drained me). But back then it wasn't really acknowedlged as that

however when I wasn’t in a point in time where I could follow my body’s lead I wasn’t going out but just that trying to eg do work day after day would lead to days I’d not wake up and even after goodness knows how much caffeine had no chance of brain working and that going on for days whilst I crossed my fingers I’d have enough before my deadline when it switched back on I had any chance of getting something in. That cumulative of any form of 'normal' was actually far worse on my health than doing an individual thing within a situation where I could then rest that off. It was the forcing the body continually when already done-in that bit from day before that was most long-term punishing and harmful.

I think if we - who have a fighting chance from our experiences of splitting things out and getting better terms for it - can actually manage to describe these different parts that ALL contribute to a horrific debilitation, limitations and what is poorly currently just hand-waived as ‘fluctuating’ then it actually could be the most important thing to help newer people understand they have the illness, what might be their limits vs different reactions showing you that.

most importantly when someone mentioned fatigue clinic advice - it is so poor, if well-intentioned (but either based on lazy listening or asking people in a situation they are too tired and to inexperienced to know) that it excludes people like I was. And in fact/reality harms and gaslights and does incredible life-long damage by that (what name do we call what they are choosing to do?). And I think I’ve had the most typical type given the sleep reversal PEm extremity and other stuff - yet spent years thinking that as I could theoretically walk as fast snd well as others on x day I didn’t have this fatigue thing branded as having to break things up. And of course I didn’t think I couldn’t walk on those x days I had PEM because I just thought I was pathetic being unable to wake up.

This, which I think is me/cfs, is the area that hasn't just been neglected but treated as the collateral damage within its own diagnosis (treat it as if it isn't that, and rescue those with something different by fishing them out and using being able to do these things continually as it is just fatigue as a filter and then not just abandon but often worse to those who have the actual thing - it used to be because people sided with certain names we don't mention that 'the illness doesn't exist' and now it is because people are conned and lied to that there is nothign they can do - once they have been part of a system that damaged us to that extent).

I think we have to not keep doing over having information for me/cfs just because we are overly concerned about the just in case, I have ended up finding if I call it fatigue people get it, they beleive the bits that go tired in front of them, it all explains they hell they put me through, it isn't OK. I'm not saying exclude people, but I do think we need to make sure we aren't side-tracked from getting the description of me/cfs right first before thinking of the other ifs and maybes. It is an idiosyncratic illness so it is hard enough trying to get those specifics right without turning it into catch-alls on each point (and not being careful about the wording).

so these things are important to not get lowest common denominatored because I think then they end up useless. Fir this. Certainly fatigue clinics stuff is hugely harmful to me due to this. I think we can manage to ask and understand hopefully being asked the tough questions and realise they aren’t to offend or exclude but perhaps to be a bit more accurate in peeling the onion on the components/ phenomena

I know and say experience because I had years eg stuck in various hells of either work or others enforcing things like sleep hygiene that just harmed me and made my illness worse very fast and made me feel like I was going mad and in a dystopia. But also even when just trying to hold onto a job with adjustments and leeway the build-up of waiting for that big rest every six weeks because the evenings and weekends didn’t cut enough catch up (and PEM would happen too on working days I’d sleep thru alarm etc) I think many of us are most of the time in situations where these things ‘layer’ on top of each other because we never get to fully rest off that pem, or don’t rest of the exhaustion so it adds to the cumulation which I think hits as PEM - but that’s so hard to tease apart without being able to think thru which ‘pattern’ might be separate to another.

but yes anyone saying this is really hard I 100% agree with!
 
Last edited:
My repertoire includes cognitive crashes, pain flares and the whole shebang, but I see all of them as coming under the umbrella of PEM, because they're all post-exertional, they're all prolonged and they're all disproportionate. They're not really as discrete from each other as the separate labels suggest. What I have now is the whole shebang.
Yeah I’m more remarking on my lack of good name for it - I think I started using that because of the need to explain ‘and now this ends’ and because of the looks on the face of the other person as my speech changed significantly

ie I got into the habit of explaining myself (and wanted to focus on it being ‘I’m exhausted it affects my speech’ rather than if leaving that type of person to it them horribly suggesting some grim term alluding to going mad or ‘trauma’ or other nonsense people invent)

it’s exhaustion from a fstiguability fir me I guess in the sense I know I can’t really sit for twenty minutes and chat without it induces growing aches/pains through arms and feet and slowly curling body whilst my brain runs out and the sensory makes it painful to use my eyes and hurts my brain etc

but I don’t know why I separate cognitive from physical other than that the physical for me adds in a very specific pattern I’ve noticed. But the sensory and cognitive can be just as devastating (and cause the not being able to wake brain or body for days)
 
I see all of them as coming under the umbrella of PEM, because they're all post-exertional, they're all prolonged and they're all disproportionate.

Yep, I understand that. The reason I keep poking at it (and I apologise, I know I'm not really getting us anywhere!) is that combining all overexertion symptoms into one phenomenon potentially makes it harder for newly diagnosed people, and their GPs, to describe and discuss them in a precise way. Aspects of it can feel really quite different, and that knowledge might be all a new patient has.

Maybe I'm imagining it and it doesn't really make it harder at all. It's difficult for us to cast off our own experience and put ourselves in the shoes of a struggling young person, a worried parent, or a doctor with more patients than they have time to see them.
 
I've only been able to randomly read one or two posts per page, to get a general flavour of the discussion. My main impression is that people are trying to make the term PEM do two different things. One is to describe all types of post-exertional symptom exacerbation. The other is to zoom in to what's distinctive about ME post-exertional symptom exacerbation

In a way it's a pity NICE has gone with PESE=PEM because otherwise the two terms could have been useful for covering both approaches while keeping them separate, as in pwME get PESE+PEM

[continues]
 
[continued]

I think it's worth keeping in mind that historically the reason for the emphasis on delayed PEM was not to describe every type of symptom exacerbation we experience but to highlight the one factor that is

a) observably different from normal, healthy post-exertional symptom exacerbation, because the BPSers want to tell us we're confusing normal effects with abnormal ones, and

b) observably different from post-exertional symptom exacerbation in other illnesses that often also feature disproportionate symptom levels and prolonged recovery

There's always been recognition that delayed PEM is not the only type of post-exertional symptom exacerbation we experience. However, we don't currently know if the other types are linked to the same underlying mechanisms as delayed PEM or if they're more related to the sort of post-exertional symptom exacerbation that also happen in other illnesses, or something else entirely. Until we know more it makes sense to treat them as potentially separate phenomena

[continues]
 
[continued]

Keeping the distinction for now also makes practical sense

One, it can be helpful in diagnosis and in creating more homogeneous research cohorts, helpful in the sense that the presence of delayed PEM is strongly supportive of an ME diagnosis whereas absence of observable delayed PEM doesn't preclude a diagnosis

Two, it's a starting point to focus research on as any hypothesis must be able to explain how the delay could occur even if not everybody experiences it

Three, it is the best way we have to explain to others that we can look and even feel reasonably ok when we meet them only to crash from that meeting hours or days later

[continues]
 
[continued]

But clearly we also experience other time courses of post-exertional symptom exacerbation. Some may actually be hidden delayed PEM because IRL who can tell if their current crash is due to what they just did, or did 6 hours ago, or yesterday, or two days ago, or a combination of 12 hours ago and 2 hours ago or ...? Unless you're able to pace to a level where you can get out of the rolling roil of overexertion on top of overexertion it's nigh on impossible to discern a delayed PEM pattern even if it's there. And even then you might need years of experience to spot it

There's also been plenty of discussion about how many pwME experience different symptoms and often more immediate onset from cognitive, sensory or orthostatic exertion compared to from physical exertion

So there's plenty that needs to be carefully described and disentangled. Describing carefully means being clear about how we're using the terms so we don't loose what's observably distinctive and abnormal about ME-PEM versus more general post-exertional symptom exacerbation

I fear the horse may have bolted with respect to the term PEM (general) itself. These days it is being used to refer to any symptom after any exertion in anyone. In a way that makes the emphasis on delayed PEM more important than ever, if only to make the point that our ME-PEM is both an abnormal and a distinctive response to exertion. I don't know how best to get that message through in a succinct way while at the same time making it clear there's a broader experience of post-exertional symptom exacerbation
 
There's always been recognition that delayed PEM is not the only type of post-exertional symptom exacerbation we experience.
That probably all makes sense in terms of what happens to pwME, but there is no agreement anywhere as far as I know to use the terms in this way. For example NICE says PESE is an alternative term for PEM, and some researchers I notice who used to call it PEM, now use the term PESE for the same thing.

I think trying to define the two terms as two different phenomena will only add to the confusion. There's not particular logic for which one is used for which phenomenon.
 
Back
Top Bottom